Gender, Power, Authority & Violence in Shakespearean Drama Essay

Gender, Power, Authority & Violence in Shakespearean Drama - Essay ExampleIt is evidently clear from the discussion that in Shakespeares plays, clashes and conflicts arise between the members of the hierarchy when those below contradict their superiors or aspire to their positions. But the important conflicts are those which are between reality and appearance honey and friendship, male and female values and love and war. Shakespeares Othello, along with Hamlet, King Lear and Macbeth is one of the four great tragedies, and thus a pillar of what most critics conduct to be the apex of Shakespeares dramatic art. More than anything else that distinguishes Othello from the other tragedies is that its a tale of love and betrayal, secrets passion and intrigue. Iago, the villain uses Desdemonas weakness and naivet and succeeds in convincing Othello about the infidelity of his young and beautiful wife with his favorite lieutenant, Michael Cassio. Desdemona is almost overly virtuous, which ca uses her to feel that she must defend Cassio and speak in a public sphere where necessary. She is stronger than Othello believes her to be and is not the private, withdrawn and a meek cleaning woman he would ideally like her to be. Desdemona, a young Venetian woman of high birth and good breeding marries Othello out of love. She is an ideal wife appreciated by everyone except the villain. Desdemonas wifely loyalty and the physical mistreat she withstands at the hands of her jealous and distrusting husband are issues that would have made headlines in todays society. Her concern for Casio shows her generosity, for she will intercede for him with Othello. We believe her when she says that she does not hit the hay what it means to be unfaithful and defends herself by saying that the word whore is not in her vocabulary. Though Othello loves his beautiful bride but does not know her that well. He is a strong leader, a great warrior, self-assured in his abilities to handle military matt ers but he is insecure about his personal qualities. He is unsure why Desdemona chose him for a husband and could only fathom one explanation, She loves me for the dangers I have passed.

Child cognitive imparment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Child cognitive imparment - Essay ExampleThe disease is defined by the center of disease control by a constitute of 70 and below on the tykes intellectual examen capabilities i.e. the IQ test. There are four levels of a childs cognitive impairments. A child suffering from mild cognitive impairments has an IQ test of 50 to 70 while moderate cognitive impairment has an IQ test of 35 to 55. Severe cognitive impairments with an IQ test of 20 to 40 and profound cognitive impairment where the child has an IQ test of below 20.physical disabilities testament usually impact on the way a child controls its body, move and the cognitive and intellectual disabilities will affect the way the way a child thinks and learns. Children develop at different rates. However, there are certain milestones that the healthy child ought to reach by a specific age. The childs cognitive impairments will affect the developmental milestones of the child (Webster et al., 2006).Cognitive impairments are as a res ult of a number of factors. Majority of the instances of cognitive impairments are as a result of genetic and chromosomal disorders. Cognitive impairments are also attributed to injuries and illness that occur to the mother during pregnancy or infancy period. Extreme cases of malnutrition to the child, scant(p) medical accessibility among the infants, exposure to environmental toxins and chemicals can attribute to cognitive impairments among children. Other causes attributed include genetic diseases, infections on the child such as meningitis, bloodsucking infections to the child, cerebral malaria, in-utero alcohol and drug exposure during pregnancy, asphyxia, low birth weight, endocrine disorders and head injuries to the children. Most of these causes are preventable. However, it is difficult to prevent these conditions in developing countries. With the umpteen possible causes, it is difficult to define the specific cause of cognitive defect on a child (Ferguson, Hall, Riley, & M oore, 2011).Signs and symptoms

Jesus Christ-Life and Influence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

deliveryman Christ-Life and Influence - Research Paper ExampleJesus is unanimously regarded as the one and the only virgin birth that has appeared in the full history of mankind since the creation of Adam and Eve in the paradise. The Old Testament had already made a prediction about his stretch in the world through the virgin delivery to be made by a pious and chaste noble lady i.e. Holy vestal Mary (Isaiah, 714). Thus, the pious and religious-minded Jews were well aware regarding this exceptional kind of birth in their tribe one day in the wake of the Commandments to be made by the Lord in order to show the pagans, non-believers, and hypocrites the signs of the Omnipotence of the Lord. Since all the tribes having faith in Almighty God were in wait of such a sacred birth, the Magi also travelled wide from the ancient Persia to the city of Nazareth in order to see the blessed child arrived in the world from the high orbit in order to fill the world with the dazzling sacred light of justice, equality, righteousness, and faith. The Gospel of Matthew provides a detailed and comprehensive account of the visit of the three Magi from the removed region of Persia (Matthew, 22). Since the Magi had been blessed with the knowledge of astrology, and their association with the Zoroastrians had increased their faith in the Oneness of Almighty God the Creator, the three Magi set out to an utter(a) expedition towards Nazareth in order to see the holy child and present their gifts to the Savior of humanity. Consequently, the child would certainly be unique and extraordinary one, which would spend his entire life in teaching, preaching and helping the people without discrimination, and would embrace death at the prime of his callowness just for saving the humanity from becoming a victim of the punishment and agony for committing the original sin. Jesus was born in Bethlehem, and the Magi also met him there (Anderson, 2005 23-24). However, because of the opposition made b y the hypocrites and non-believers, Holy Mary had to come up to Egypt in order to save the sacred child from the hatred of the envious and resentful people of Nazareth. Little is known about the childhood and early youth of the Holy Christ, though the historians and theologians appear to be agreeing with the notion that the signs of the spiritual elevation of this sacred child had started appearing in his personality since the childhood years (Littleton, 1975 22). Somehow, Jesus returned to his native city along with his sacred mother in his early youth, where he was baptized by Holy buttocks the Baptist (Matthew, 313-16), though John is noticed to be declaring Jesus superior to him in all respects. Hence, it becomes evident that his contemporary righteous men of Nazareth had maintained the knowledge of the spiritual and elevated shape of Jesus Christ. The Christian faith is attributed to Christ, who preached love and kindness to all mankind.

The Reform Movement Essay Example for Free

The Reform Movement Essay1 Temperance moderation of self, controller in action, statement and self-control or PROHIBITION.Americans were worried ab fall out the effects of alcohol. 1st.This movement first urged people to stop drinking hard liquor and keep back drinking beer and wine to small amounts.Later the movement wanted to ban the sale of alcohol-banning became a major goal, it was banned in the 18th Amendment, which was later repealed by the 21st Amendment.2 Womens Rightswomen couldnt vote in many states and had little control over own property could not get a higher education didnt get equal pay for equal work werent allowed to enter traditional male professions. Declaration of Independence write by 100 people began to shape the future of womens rights movements.Fight turned into a political movement many women were arrested and jailed in 1860 states gave women rights of ownership, except many reforms (right to vote) werent achieved.Lucretia mott and Elizabeth Cady Sta nton organized Seneca Falls Convention wrote Declaration of Sentiments for Convention.Susan B. Anthony had organized skills that further helped the movement. Led campaign for equal pay for equal work, allowing women to enter traditional professions, and for changing laws regarding womens property. Organized petitions for new laws that were passed.3 Public Educationfamilies did not expect formal schooling because they needed children to work to help realize the families.Common-School Movement which wanted all children educated in a common place, regardless of class or background.It set the standard for education reform and brought children out of factories.Horace Mann leading voice of education reform in mid 1800s. He explained the idea of the Common School.4 AbolitionismSlavery in America.a movement was organize (ABOLITION) to completely end slavery in U.S. Did this through news papers, articles and pamphlets, speeches.PROPAGANDA use written word and pictures to get sympathy.Event ual end of slavery North outlawed, southernmost refused because they needed help with the economy.William Lloyd Garrison published abolitionists newspaper, The Liberator.Frederick Douglass former slave who became one of the most important African American leaders of the 1800s.Sojourner Truth African American who became famous from her dramatic and fiery speeches.Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Toms Cabin. the most powerful anti-slavery novel ever written.5 Prisonsterrible prison conditions.2 and 3. state hospitals for mentally ill were created. Reform schools were established for children in prison. Houses of correction were established, which tried to change prisoners behavior through education.4. Dorothea Dix middle-class reformer who helped change the prison system by reporting on terrible prison conditions.

The Security Council Essay Example for Free

The Security Council EssayThe Security Council of the unite Nations was wiz of the original bodies of the UN formed with the United Nations charter in 1945. The Security Council was created to sick all the superpowers of the world on equal footing, giving each one vote in cover version resolutions for the member res publicas of the UN. The charter members with permanent seats on the council are the United States, France, Great Britain (the United Kingdom), Russia and China. In 1945, these nations were considered the most powerful on Earth and were charged with keeping the peace of the world. In addition to the quintet permanent seats, the Security Council is comprised of 10 other member nations elected by popular vote of the entire UN and serving two-year terms. Each member nation of the Security Council has equal power in theory, though in practice some deference is given to the permanent members. The Security Council can pass binding resolutions on the other member natio ns, but each council member can veto any resolution. As such, the Security Council rarely can form a consensus, though it often discusses major issues around the world.Often, the yet time a consensus is reached is when the matter is so trivial or involves such a small country that it has no fri fires on the council. Though the council was set up to have inherent checks and balances, it has often become a staging ground for popularity contests and member nations have leave out the worlds best interests in favor of the more proprietary interests of their nation. This is how programs like the United Nations Oil for Food program have become crooked by individual nationalism and greed.Furthermore, on the rare occasions when the Security Council can agree and pass a binding resolution, it has limited enforcement powers and often the only punishment for breaking a resolution is a verbal slap from the council. Some member nations, particularly the United States, have lead coalition forces on occasion to enforce UN resolutions, but these military actions often are disapproved by many member nations and the Security Council itself rarely votes in favor of military action.The end result is that the United Nations provides an interesting forum for smaller countries to air grievances and for all countries to point out flaws in their neighbors, but as a governing body, the United Nations and the Security Council has no teeth. It becomes like a restrictive parent who tries to tell a child what to do, but fails to enforce its own rules. In the end, no one respects the rule of the United Nations and might still makes right.Smaller countries object to the permanent members of the council and their might, both military and economic, but they also turn to those countries when they are the ones existence oppressed. In short, the United Nations and the Security Council format need to be revisited and the UN must be given some enforcement power to assure that its resolutions are kept. Otherwise, it is a empty home of debate that is ignored and laughed at.

Revolution(s) in Latin America from Bolivia to Chile Essay Example for Free

whirling(s) in Latin America from Bolivia to chilli pepper EssayThis penning will deal briefly with the subversive movement in Latin America in the mid 20th Century. It will compare and contrast Bolivia, Cuba, Chile and Argentina and seek to draw lessons for today. Ultimately, Peron proved the most successful model of renewal, and this lonesome(prenominal) because of his strong powerfulness to mobilize disparate elements of the population often re of importing out of more doctrinaire Marxist movements. I. This paper will briefly deal with four related exactly distinct elements first, the revolution in Bolivia in 1952, the revolution in Cuba a short clip later, and the failed revolution in Chile after the 1970 preferions. After this, it will deal with the Peron regime in Argentina. minded(p) exclusively this, this paper will attempt to compare and contrast these movements, looking at US as well as Soviet policy copulation to them, and see what modern policy nettlers keep take from these immensely important events. The Bolivian revolution of 1952 was integrity of the first major earthshaking events in post universe war II Latin America. Bolivia was an stinting disaster since the war (and sooner) dependent bragging(a)ly on tin exports and a small amount of coffee for economic survival (Cockcroft, 1997).Like all three revolutions dealt within this section, the big issue was the ownership of fetch. In countries largely do up of peasants, this was the greatest issue. In all three of these states, the land was owned in large parcels, by a small oligarchy that had connections with the government. This was the key in all three revolutions (Kohl, 1978). One issue that sets Bolivia by was the fact that the army was rather uninterested in pursuing a battle against the revolutionaries, who, un the like the Chilean case, were far from Marxist in ideological preference (Kohl, 1978, 239).The revolutionary movement (MNR) was both nationalist and so cialist in orientation, seeking an independent and prosperous Bolivia independent of both USSR and USA. The basic platform of the Nationalist revolutionist Movement was land reform first of all, the nationalization of the tin industry and sluttish elections. The connection with the USA was seen by the MNR as a link in the midst of to so-called tin barons and the army through US aid. This was a similar view in Cuba.After a brief period of fighting, roughly the midst of April in 1952, the main urban centers fell to the revolutionary movement with the help of miners and some other urban workers (the farmers took little part) who were armed by the MNR (Kohl, 1978). The army had no have for a fight, and put up token resistance. It was not long before the fo infra of the MNR, Victor Paz Estemssono, took power as president, and immediately purged the army and engaged in land reform. Universal suffrage was quickly instituted by the new government, and the tin mines were brought under state control.It is clear in hindsight that s venerableiery personnel were involved in the initial uprising in early(a) April in 1952, the army apothegm no threat in the nationalist movement and was loathe to fight it. This was to make the Bolivian revolution different from the revolutions in Cuba and Chile (cf. Gerassi, 1965, esp ch 16). In Cuba, 1953, the economic situation was the same for the peasants, but not for the economy as a whole. Unlike the depressed Bolivian situation, the Cuban economy was booming in 1953, except for the fact that the boom did not affect the middle and lower sectors of the peasantry.The economic boom was based on several things the endless American demand for sugar, the investment of the Batista government in tourism and gambling (similar to Lebanon at the same time), and the straw man of a substantial Jewish and Italian organized crime who ran drugs out of the island (Blasier, 1967). Nevertheless, the peasants were largely illiterate and suffering from hunger and disease, similar to that of Bolivia. Like all the revolutions dealt with here, land imbalance was the key.Here, the sugar plantations were in the reachs of domestic and foreign oligarchs, Like Tin in Bolivia or Copper in Chile, in Cuba, the revolutionary movement, pattern after that of the MNR in Bolivia (that is, both nationalist and socialist), sought land reform and free elections. The Batista government had rigged elections for close to time to make sure him and his military cronies were placed in power regularly (Cockcroft, 1997). Unlike the Bolivian case, the Cuban army was basically loyal to Batista and fought the revolutionaries for some time.The US government did place some pressure on the Cuban leader to hold free elections, which he largely refused to do, leading the CIA to offer some limited financial support to Castro early on (Blasier, 1967). Ultimately, the revolutionaries forced Batista to flee to the US, and the army took over more fully, leading to a protracted war. Hidden in the mountains and fields of southeastern Cuba, the revolutionaries defeated Batistas small and poorly coordinated offensive.The US posture was uncertain until substantial aid developed from the USSR, and, after Castros victory, nationalization of sugar plantations and other assets deprive Cubans and Americans of their former fortunes (Marfelli, 1998). Unlike the Bolivian case, free elections were never held. Chile paints a similar picture. Like the other two states dealt with here, Chile was also a one re seeded player exporter, in her case, copper. The revolution, which did not succeed, begins at the elections of 1970, where the semi-Marxist Salvador Allende received roughly 36% of the vote in a tightly contested three stylus race. simply a ringing endorsement, the KGB as well as the CIA back differing parties in this contest. twain intelligence agencies saw Chile and its copper as a major strategic asset, and both wanted to see Chile in their sph ere of influence. The difference cosmos that the CIA spent money to defeat Allende (in general), the Soviets spent money to elect Allende (specifically), even giving him a private salary while on the campaign trail. Allende will never get more than 40% of the vote, and hence, more origin measures were necessary (Leonov, 2005).Allendes victory was a blow to US interests, and Richard Nixon set his face against the new government, who quickly permitted a substantial KGB presence in the country and allied himself with Castro. Even more, the Allende government nationalized the copper mines and engaged in some limited land reform, like all the above. Allendes policies, however, created substantial economic downturns in Chile while attempting to raise wages, he increased inflation. Price fixing brought shortages of necessary items to Santiago and other important urban areas.Unemployment went up, and copper exports fell. Soon, the army and many a(prenominal) citizens were opposed to the government that was seen to be artificially propped up by Soviet subsidies. The fact that the opposition parties were contesting the election did not help matters, and in the two elections before Allendes death, he received no more than 40% of the vote in tight races. The famous coup that brought General Pinochet to power was the result. (Leonov, 2005). These three revolutionary movements, briefly sketched above, contain many important similarities to one another.In all cases, the governments that preceded the revolutions were basically oligarchic a small number of wealthy controlling a substantially disproportionate share of wealth. separately(prenominal) of these governments was largely militarized and the military was seen as basically supporting the state (with some hesitation in Bolivia). Each of the governments before the revolutionaries seem rather a-ideological, more or less existing to collect taxes and keep a certain group in power. In each case, the armies were basical ly autonomous forces, making decisions more or less apart from the states that allegedly controlled them.All three states were basically single-resource dependent which harms the sovereignty of the state. Decisions cannot be made autonomously when the entire states economy is based on copper markets (for example) that exist far outside the country. The revolutionary movements also have substantial similarities. Both were ideologically nationalist as well as socialist, both in the broad sense of the terms. They sought a redistribution of land and nationalization of the main source of national income tin, sugar, copper. All of these movements sought violent measures to take power.Even the Allende government used his red guards to confiscate the goods of the people they considered rich, to harm the black market. But as the Leonov lectures prove, all of these movements, legitimate or not, were hijacked by KGB forces and used to increase Soviet power in the area. Hence, whatever sympathy the US may have had with these movements (such as it had to the early Castro) quickly evaporated once the KGB moved in, putting the US in a bad position, having to appear as the defender of the oligarchy against the apostles of equality. It seems that the Soviets forced the American hand in these matters. There are also several differences within these movements. The posture of the army was important in Chile and Cuba, the army was loyal, in Bolivia, they seemed to have no stomach for a fight. In all cases, the army was relatively small and poorly equipped. A well financed revolutionary movement could easily be a march for these rather unprofessional military forces. The results of the revolution differed wildly. In Chile, the economy tanked.In Cuba, free elections were never held, and Castro held the country in an iron grip under Soviet subsidies. In Bolivia, the economy improved and land distribution was a fact. This is the greatest lesson of these movements there is no guarantee of success. There is a guarantee that an old oligarchy is to replace a new one the unfortunate results of revolution. All the revolutionaries, with varying degrees of success, sought to improve the role of women in society and in the economy. To a large extent, the revolutionaries had a substantial share of women among their members.In Chile, the Allende government creates subsidy plans for free milk distribution to poor families, a policy difficult to argue with. However, when his equipment casualty fixing scheme appeared early into his presidency, these milk distributions dried up, and families were forced to buy on the black market at inflated prices. Here, the female side fo the revolution was a complete failure, and mothers were worse off than before. It seems clear that the price fixing scheme was a failure and might well have been the main reason the revolution failed shortages occurred and the black market sprang up.Allendes violent methods of dealing with these alienated many people. It is hard to see any real alterative (in 1973) in Chile for women than to support the coup and the freeing of prices for milk and other necessaries. II. Juan Peron is one of the most celebrated Latin American personalities. He contained within himself the true good content of the Latin American revolutionaries without being a revolutionary. Nonviolent and patriotic, he offered Argentina everything it needed politically.The Perons were part of Argentinian politics through the World War II era, and Juans position in the military government (as vice president under General Eldomiro Farrell) permitted him a platform to argue in respect of unionization and nationalism, in speeches and policies that made him wildly popular. Combining nationalism, patriotism and socialism, this set of ingredients was all that was necessary to bring a coalition of left and right into being over questions of economic nationalism and equality.The fact that he married a woman of lowborn statu s, Eva, the real power behind Juan (Van Dine, 1998) who used her popularity to engage in serious welfare programs and mobilization of the shirtless ones to her and her husbands side created a duo that has not been seen since. Peron was a man of his word. In his first term as president (until 1952) he engaged in a flurry of domestic policies that went beyond the socialist rhetoric of the revolutions described above. In the seminal work on Latin American revolutions by Gerassi (1965, esp. ch 3), he provides a provision list of the major areas of concern and policy for the Peron duo.Perons list of accomplishments is stunning social earnest was made mandatory for each citizen. He was behind the creation of trade unions in every major Argentinian industry. He made certain that elections were free and that universal suffrage was the norm. Insofar as the treatment of women were concerned, he insisted on paid maternity leave, free medical care (especially prenatal care) and paid time off f or all new mothers. He built recreation centers for all major industries, and made sure that paid vacations were the norm for all workers in Argentina.And this was completely the beginning (cf. Gerassi for more details). Just as important, he sought the development of Argentinas economic diversification. This is a substantial difference between Peron and the other movements dealt with above. The other movements did not have a substantial plan for diversification and were basically content to be one crop country. Argentina was not like this, there were too many resources to be mobilized, and such diversification became a major project of the Argentinian first couple in the 1950s.Peron was an amateur philosopher of sorts, and saw political ideology as more of a barrier than an impetus to economic performance and equality. His basic philosophical position was called Justicalisimo, or the third way between socialism and capitalism that attempted to combine the positive contributions of both. This set about will be imitated by Nasser in Egypt and the Bolivian MNR. But it is precisely this approach to political things that makes sense out of his popularity there was no prepackaged ideology to oppose. His was a mixture of the best of the left with the best of capitalism.Both of these were blended with an draw to nationalism, patriotism and Argentinian sovereignty that was immensely popular. He was able, through his own personality as well as that of his wife, to mobilize both left and right over questions of economic nationalism and equality. Most certainly, his policies were not typical for Latin America or anywhere else. There are few people who can claim his mantle. This paper mentioned Nasser of Egypt, and is likely the only one who can claim this. Peron did not seek a violent revolution.He sought a revolution based in patriotism and national consent, a nation rebuilt around the first couple, who were iconic in their times and ours. This is a rare chemistry th at cannot be imitated by professional guerillas or politicians of the typical stripe. The fact that he put his promises immediately into action and fought the wealthy of society made him more and more popular, and this popularity, ths ability to mobilize the population, is what made the oligarchy fear him, yet there was little they could do. The Eva Peron Foundation, a huge semi-official charitable trust, built thousands of schools and hospitals around the country.The government of Argentina was truly a family affair, mirroring the actual Argentinian family itself, it was iconic almost literally, in that they were ruled not by a junta, or a general, or a rich man, but a family. In this writers opinion, Perons popularity was based on what he physically accomplished. But more than this, it was the mixture of patriotism and economic nationalism and equality. Since cliche Marxism is anti-patriotic and internationalist as well as anti-Christian, they naturally alienate many of these type s of people.Peron did not do this, since he was nationalist and did not repress the perform as did Castro. Hence, he was able to mobilize these people as well, adding to his popularity in a way that a Castro or Allende could not. There is so much real(a) on this Argentinean leader that this brief description cannot do it justice. III. This paper has sought to deal with the question of Latin American Revolution in brief. It is clear by this time that this writer is partial to Peron, and sees his model as superior to the others dealt with above, and offers quite a bit of material for the future of Latin America.The revolutions of Cuba, Bolivia and Chile were, when all is verbalise and done, failures. While correctly addressing many important issues, these revolutionaries simply became another oligarchy, or fell apart altogether (such as Allende). These states are still poor and underdeveloped, and only Chile has been able to control infant mortality with any success. The problems i n all these countries were the same one crop dependency, oligarchy, land hunger and poor infrastructure. whole Peron performed substantial moves to remedy this situation, but his later overthrow proved these abortive. Argentina was back where it had started.Cuba today is an economic disaster and a dictatorship, while Bolivia is no offend off than in 1952. Nationalism, patriotism, autarky and economic equality are the wave of the future, while internationalist socialism(as well as border-less capitalism) is a relic of the past.BibliographyKohl, James. (1978) Peasant and Revolution in Bolivia, April 9, 1952-August 2, 1953. The American Historical Review. 58 238-259 Blasier, Cole (1967). Studies of Social revolution Origins in Mexico, Bolivia and Cuba. Latin American Research Review. 2 28-64 Perez, Marfelli. (1998) The Cuban Revolution.Oxford University Press. Leonov, Aledander (2005) Soviet learning in Latin America During the Cold War. Lectures. The Center for Academic Publicat ions. (http//www. cepchile. cl/dms/lang_2/doc_1140. html) Van Dine, Robert. (1998) Evita Peron Saint or Coutesan. Vandine Publishing. (http//www. vandine. com/peron. htm Van Dine is a career DC diplomat) Gerassi, John. (1965) The Great Fear in Latin America. Macmillan, 1965. (This work acted as background material for all the information above) Cockcroft, James D. (1997) Latin America History, Politics, and U. S. Policy. Nelson Hall Publishers.

Topshops Commitment to the Environment

Topshops Commitment to the EnvironmentTopshop is a British clothes retailer with stores in over 20 countries and online operations in some of its markets. Topshops sales primarily come from womens habilitate and wrinkle get toories. It is part of the Arcadia Group, which owns a turn of a nonher(prenominal) retail outlets including Burton, Dorothy Perkins and Miss Selfridge. The chain was founded in 1964 as Peter Robinsons Top Shop, a young fashion brand at bottom the Sheffield branch of the Peter Robinson Ltd ladies fashion store chain (former department store chain). The fore some standalone Topshop store was opened in 1974. In 1978, Topman was created as a spin-off brand to cater for manful customer and is now run as a separate chain, although some stores be co-located. The Gap, Inc. is an American clothing and accessories retailer based in San Francisco, California. A peculiarity retailer offering clothing, accessories and personal c argon products for men, women, childr en and babies. With a great deal than 134,000 employees and about 3,100 company-owned stores and 175 franchise stores, our presence is felt around the world The company has five unproblematic brands the namesake Gap banner, Banana Republic, Old Navy, and Athleta. As of September 20010, Gap, Inc. has approximately 135,000 employees and operates 3,076 stores worldwide. Gap Inc., seek to make lasting, positive impressions on the people and communities where the company operate Next. is a British retailer trade clothing, footwear, accessories and home products.The company has over 550 stores throughout the UK and the Republic of Ireland, and 50 franchise branches in Europe, Asia and the Middle East. It is listed on the London sway Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. Next has cardinal main outlets Next Retail, a chain of 500+ retail stores in the United land and Eire Next Directory, a home shopping catalogue and Website with more than than 2 million active custom ers, and Next International, with 180+ international stores. Zara is a Spanish clothing and accessories retailer based in Galicia. It is the flagship chain store of the Inditex group the fashion group also owns brands such as Massimo Dutti, Pull and Bear, Stradivarius and Bershka. It is claimed that Zara needs just twain weeks to develop a new product and get it to stores, comp ard with a six-month industry average, and launches around 10,000 new designs each year. Zara was described by Louis Vuitton fashion director Daniel Piette as possibly the most innovative and devastating retailer in the world. Zara has also been described as a Spanish success story by CNN. As of 2011 Zara stores redeem mens clothing and womens clothing, each of these subdivided in Lower Garment, Upper Garment, Shoes, Cosmetics and Complements, as wholesome as childrens clothing (Zara Kids). The environmental Protection Act 1990 is an Act of the fan tan of the United Kingdom that as of 2008update defines, within England and Wales and Scotland, the fundamental structure and authority for violent management and control of emissions into the environment.Duty of CareEvery store has to overplus properly and prevent it from harming the environment and also ensure that completely told waste collected from the stores is transferred to an authorised person such as the local council or a waste contractor.Packaging waste regulationsThese apply to larger stores and require them to recover and recycle a certain percentage of their packaging waste. The regulations currently apply to companies with an yearbook turnover of over 2 million and which handle more than 50 tonnes/year of obligated packaging.Landfill taxThe Government imposes a tax on all waste sent to landfill. This tax is designed to penalise the excessive utilise of landfills and to encourage businesses to digest and recycle waste. This is one of the reasons why the cost of trade waste collections has gone up and will continue t o increase.Topshop COMMITMENT TO THE ENVIRONMENTReducing impact on the environment and Endeavour to limit consumption of valuable mental imagerys. invariably developing ways to increase efficiency and reduce energy consumption in companys operations.Reducing packagingGap,inc. COMMITMENT TO THE ENVIRONMENTthe product groups who seek sustainable design solutions.store motorbuss who conserve energy and reduce waste.the denim laundries that meet high wastewater standards.Next. COMMITMENT TO THE ENVIRONMENTimprove energy efficiency and reduce energy use.minimise waste produced and increase the quantity recycled.increase the efficiency of our delivery fleet.Zara COMMITMENT TO THE ENVIRONMENTto develop in-store sustainability and energy efficiency standards.to install sources of renewable energy, such as wind energy, solar photo-thermal and photovoltaic solar energy, at the companys distribution hubs and reduce energy use to a minimum.to create, in as- that-to-be-determined locations, th e forest biomass indispensable to absorb 100% of the greenhouse gas emissions generated by the use of electricity at Zara headquarters.Inditex has just opened its 5000th Inditex store as the flagship of its 2011-2015 Sustainable Inditex Plan. Inditex new orbicular benchmark in eco- efficiency is ho apply in the Palazzo Bocconi (Rome), a building whose history dates back more than 120 days. Just some figures this is a store which consumes 30% less energy with regard to the annual average consumption of a designal store, saves 50% of water consumption and rid ofs the emission of over 150 toms of carbon dioxide per year. The Inditexs Strategic Environmental Plan 2007-2010 achieved various certifications in 3 of its stores including a first of its kind in Europe with Zara Barcelona being awarded LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) certification. This new concept of boutique hides behind a faade that makes use of three key elementsshop windows and geometric composi tion with big metal and render squares, and a large-format logo. The new-look shop interior comprises an extensive range of grey tones which contrast with its black furnishings. The sales area is spread over five stores.Highlights of features contributing to the stores eco-efficiency include automatic monitoring of the stores indoor air quality (CO2 levels, humidity, light intensity, noise), to ensure the comfort of employees and shoppersmotion detectors to turn lights on and off in low-traffic areas and a an air curtain system at entrance doors, equipped with special sensors that continuously monitor outside temperatures to prevent abrupt indoor air temperature changes, thereby simplification the need to run heating/cooling systems. Besides and in order to lessen the nocturnal light pollution which plagues cities, the establishments lights are programmed to dim by more than 50% when the shop is closedCompanies of the dimensions of HM can necessitate a big impact on the environme nt, its a responsibility of HM to reduce his impact. By our explore the company has to minimize his impact at every stage of the products life cycle from how cotton is grown to the way the customer use the garments. The first study advantage of working with lower-ranking info is economy because someone else has already collected the info, the look intoer does not have to devote resources to this phase of research. at that place is also a savings of time. Because the selective information are already collected, and frequently also cleaned and stored in electronic format, we can spend the our time analyzing the data. The second major advantage of using secondary data is the breadth of data useable. Few individual researchers would have the resources to collect data from a representative sample of adults in every state in the United States, let alone repeat this data collection process every year, but the federal disposal conducts legion(predicate) surveys on that scale. Data collected on a national basis are particularly important in environmental issues. The third advantage in using secondary data is that frequently the data collection process is informed by expertise and professionalism that whitethorn not available to smaller research projects. For instance, many of the Government environmental surveys discussed in this research use a complex sample design and system of weighting that allows the researcher to compute hold upence based estimates of health conditions and behaviors. One major loss to using secondary data is inherent in its nature because the data were not collected to issue your specific research questions, particular development that you would like to have may not have been collected, or it may not have been collected in the geographic region you want to study. In any case, you can only work with the data that exist, not what you wish had been collected. A second major disadvantage of using secondary data is that because the ana lyst did not participate in the planning and execution of the data collection process, he or she does not realise exactly how it was done. More to the point, the analyst does not know how vigorous it was done and therefore how seriously the data are affected by problems such as low response rate or respondent misunderstanding of specific survey questions. Sometimes it is readily available for instance, many of the government data sets have extensive documentation of their data collection procedures, refusal rates, and other technical randomness available on their websites or in published reports.SECONDARY DATA indirect Data is existing knowledge that has been gathered for some purpose outside the planning process. Obtaining Secondary Data in practice normally means desk or library research. randomness can be giveed from the data that is routinely collected by the planning organisation or from external sources. External data are gathered by other organisations either for their own use or for commercial use. General sources of external data are, for instance, various computerised databases, associations, other government agencies and dissimilar published sources such as libraries and newspapers. A computerised database can cater information on a wide range of topics, and lists of commercial databases are normally available in public libraries. Librarians can also be invaluable in the search for specific information for planning. Among the potentially useful data provided by government agencies are demographic data, employment data and special reports on industries. Other examples of secondary data are historical information and census data. Associations may have valuable information about conservation or social aspects. To estimate the relevance of information for the planning process it is essential to know how and why the information was produced. Burns and Bush (2000) claim that a researcher should examine five factors when evaluating a piece of secon dary data. These areThe reason the study was under taken. Sometimes a piece of research is not independent in nature but has been carried out to support a specific point of view. Obviously, an organization should try to avoid taking decisions based on information that has been produced as a result of a biased piece of research.The credibility of the organization or individuals who undertook the research.What specific information was collected and what method the researcher employed to measure or evaluate the data.How the data was collected. There are many different methods for collecting data, which will be discussed later in this chapter. Each method may have an affect on the quality of the findings of a piece of research.The consistency of the findings of a piece of research with other studies.If several studies report similar results, that may provide support for the reliability of any findings. If a report contradicts a number of other studies it may be an indication that the re search is not reliable. However, in both cases the researcher has to evaluate a specific piece of research across all criteria and not merely agree with or discount a reports findings on the basis that it does not agree with the majority of the results from other secondary research sources. Secondary data can be obtained from a number of sourcesBENEFITS OF SECONDARY DATAThe major advantages of using secondary data areCost.It is much less expensive to obtain information from existing sources than to develop entirely new data. These existing sources may require a nominal charge for the information, but it will be much less than the cost of undertaking primary data collection.Timeliness.Secondary data are available almost instantaneously. A manager can have access to data very quickly and therefore does not have to wait weeks or perhaps months for primary data to be collected, analyzed, and summarized. By using secondary data whenever possible, a manager avoids the frustration of devel oping the research methodology design, designing the data collection instrument, pretesting the instrument, devising a sampling plan, gathering the data, checking all data for accuracy and omissions, analyzing the data, and summarizing and reporting the results. Instead, a manager can merely locate the appropriate source and access the information desired. This process can be completed in a few hours or days, whereas primary data collection can take weeks or months to complete.LIMITATIONS OF SECONDARY DATAHowever, secondary data collection does have the following disadvantages.Limited applicability.A manager has no assurance that information gathered by others will be applicable to a particular cordial reception operation. For example, information obtained in New York about the universality of a specific menu item is not necessarily useful to a manager operating in another part of the country. training that pertains to one operation may apply only to that operation and be of limi ted value to anyone else.Information may be outdated.Managers need current and accurate information on which to base decisions. All too often, secondary data are not as useful as they might be merely because they are not current. For example, the results of a consumer attitude survey conducted by a restaurant four years ago would be of limited value to a manager making plans today. During the four years, a number of changes in consumer attitudes are likely to have taken place. These changes in attitudes will make the original data outdated and useful only in a historical sense. If a hospitality manager makes use of less-than-timely data, the results are likely to be less than satisfactory.Reliability.Whenever a hospitality operator uses secondary data as the basis for a decision, the manager runs the risk that the information may not be reliable and accurate. A manager would do well to determine who collected the data and what method of data collection was used. Information is only as good as the individuals who collect it and the methods they use. If a study is administered in a haphazard manner, the results and conclusions should be viewed with caution.SOURCES OF SECONDARY DATAThere are two main types of secondary data that can be used by managers within a firm (see Figure 6.2). Internal data exist within the firm and can be obtained with minimal time and lying-in. Advances in computer technology have made it easier to obtain this information and provide it to managers in a form that is useful. External data are not readily available within the firm. Managers must obtain this data by spending more time and/or money contacting outside sources. The Internet has made this a much easier task, but there is still a fair amount of effort involved. The various sources of internal and external data are discussed below.INTERNAL DATA.The component of a marketing information system that is the simplest to design and implement is an internal system, or the component des igned to collect data from within the organizational environment. When considering the organizational environment, management needs to be concerned only with information available from within the physical confines of the organizations units, whether they are hotels or restaurants. This component of a marketing information system requires less time and money than does the competitive environment or externally generated marketing information. The internal component of a marketing information system is very valuable to management because it provides a wealth of information. Management has three main sources of internal marketing information guest histories and sales data, employees and management staff, and customer feedback.Employees and management staff.All too often, hospitality management trends the wealth of information that is informally gathered by hourly employees such as front desk personnel, telephone operators, restaurant service people, and hosts and hostesses. These indi viduals are in constant contact with guests, yet they are rarely asked to relay customer notes and reactions to operational changes, such as new menu items or guest room dcor changes. These employees represent an small source of information, although the information they provide may not be totally objective. It is a good idea for management to meet with employees on a regular basis to discuss problems and opportunities. Employees crave recognition from their supervisors this recognition increases the employees satisfaction and commitment to the organization. All employees need to be exposed to some motivational techniques, although managers often ignore the simple and basic needs of employees as individuals.Customer feedback.The focus of the marketing concept is the hospitality operations clientele. All aspects of the entire operation should be aimed at satisfying these individuals. The purpose of using an internal marketing information system is to solicit opinions and comments from the current clientele. This can be done in a number of ways, such as having the manager talk with a few of the customers or having service personnel check with the customers. One method used frequently is the comment card. These cards are placed in guest rooms or are provided to the guest upon checkout or when they have finished a meal in a restaurant. The purpose is to solicit their opinions and comments concerning the operations quality. All three internal sources of marketing information are very valuable. Together they can provide a great deal of useful information with which to make decisions. Historically, hospitality managers have failed to use these sources to maximal advantage, but the current competitive situation in the hospitality industry dictates that all sources of information be used to gain a competitive advantage and to earn maximal financial rewardsEXTERNAL DATA.Although externally generated marketing information is extremely valuable, it is normally not col lected on a daily basis, as is the case with internally generated marketing information. This is due to a much larger investment of time, money, and other scarce resources required for externally generated information. Management should consider using a wide variety of sources of external marketing information. Literally thousands of sources are available, and these sources are limited only by managements own efforts to locate them. A few typical sources of external marketing information areTrade associations.Many industries form trade groups that provide data for their members. These trade associations collect information from their members and then provide industry averages that can be used to measure a firms relative performance. Some of the popular trade associations for the hospitality industry are the National Restaurant Association, the American Hotel Lodging Association, and the Hospitality gross revenue and Marketing Association International. Two of the more popular touri sm associations are the World Tourism Organization (WTO) and the Travel and Tourism Research Association (TTRA). However, most of the data for the tourism industry are collected by government travel bureaus.Travel bureaus.Cities, states, and countries usually form organizations that are responsible for promoting travel to the area. more or less cities have a chamber of commerce that is responsible for promoting business in the city and, in some cases, tourism as well. Larger cities and regions form convention and visitors bureaus for the sole purpose of promoting business and leisure travel to the region. A chamber of commerce has member firms from all types of industries, whereas convention and visitors bureaus tend to have member firms from travel-related industries such as lodging, restaurants, and tourist attractions. Finally, most states and countries have government travel and tourism bureaus that are responsible for promoting travel to that state or country.Trade journals an d periodicals.Many industry, or trade, journals are available to firms. Trade associations often publish their own journals, but many other organizations publish periodicals covering certain industries. Some of the more popular hospitality publications are Restaurants Institutions, Restaurant Hospitality, Nations Restaurant News, Restaurant Business, Lodging Hospitality, Lodging Magazine, and Hotel Motel Management. The articles in these publications provide information on new products and advertising campaigns, as well as current trends in the industry. These articles also provide a valuable resource for case studies involving successes and failures of industry firms.Other Periodicals.In addition to trade journals that delineate in a certain industry, other publications cover business in a variety of industries. Some of the more popular business publications that cover the hospitality and tourism industries are Business Week, Wall Street Journal, Fortune, Barrons, and Forbes.Int ernet.The growth in both the quantity and quality of information available on the Internet is well documented. Using one or more of the available Internet search engines will uncover information, some of which will be highly valuable for managers. A key consideration for managers is being able to determine the accuracy and usefulness of information gathered from the Internet.University sources.Universities and colleges have well-stocked libraries that can be a valuable resource for firms in the area. These institutions often have access to many of the other sources of external data. In addition, universities and colleges form centers to research specific areas such as hospitality. This information is often free to the public or available for a reasonable fee.Government sources.Local, state, and federal governments maintain detailed data on all aspects of the economy the data are free or available for a nominal fee. The United States Census gathers detailed information about the popu lation and retail business, and the Statistical move up of the United States contains similar information in abbreviated form. Census and statistical documents are now available in electronic form, enabling quicker searches and data retrieval. The federal government also collects information about foreign countries and provides specialists to answer specific questions and address inquiries.Syndicated services.Firms such as Harris and Gallup polls, Target Group Index, Nielsen, and W. R. Simmons specialize in collecting and distributing marketing information for a fee. These syndicated services provide information about consumer profiles and shopping behaviors, consumer responses to sales promotions and advertising, and consumer attitudes and preferences. This information is useful in focusing on market segments using aggregate data. These services often advertise in trade publications and marketing periodicals.Guides, indexes, and directories.Other valuable sources of external infor mation include guides, indexes, and directories that are available at most university libraries and larger public libraries. Guides such as the Business Periodicals Index provide references by subject matter for articles