The Artifacts Of The Past - 2785 Words

To understand the past, we have to understand the artefacts of the past. Artefacts show us another kind of history, and another way of approaching the past. Not only do they frame the way we interact with the world, they also influence the way we think about it as a whole. So when one questions the ownership of these artefacts, they also question the history behind it. Because the history of art is, for the most part, a history of theft; questions over its ownership are bound to ensue. So, how do we decide who owns art, and subsequently, history? Prevailing postcolonial ideologies, might characterise museums as imperial despoilers in which their possession of artefacts showcase the dispossession of cultural identity from the colonised,†¦show more content†¦Polybius was one of the first historians to criticise the Romans and their actions, and since only fragments of his ninth book have been preserved, the full extent of Polybius’ criticism is unattainable. However his strong disapproval of the seizure of the Syracusan art is clearly evident. Polybius stated, â€Å"a city is not adorned by external splendours, but by the virtue of its inhabitants† (Polybius, c.200 - c.118 BC). He presented two rhetorical arguments against the removal of Syracusan art. Firstly, he claimed that art contributed nothing to the power and expansion of the city. Additionally, he also questioned whether the victors could become great while living simply. If they could, why should they imitate the weaker people they defeated? (Miles, 2008). Polybius stated that victors â€Å"should not strip the cities under the idea that the misfortunes of another are an ornament to their own country† (Polybius, c.200 - c.118 BC). However, historian Erich S. Gruen argues that Polybius’ criticism of Roman extraction of art from Syracuse was a â€Å"tactical error rather than a moral failure†, as Polybius himself was bound by the envy and fear of what the art wo uld incite in regards to Greco-Roman relations (Gruen, 1992). Art looting became a standard practice after Napoleon took over the French army. Looting was undertaken to raise funds to support the war effort, and to elevate morale in Paris. Under Napoleon, the Louvre museum became anShow MoreRelatedThe Life Of The Smithsonian National Museum Of Natural History897 Words   |  4 Pages At the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History there is an exhibit called â€Å"Eternal Life in Ancient Egypt†. This exhibit focuses on Egypt’s past with important and interesting artifacts related to burial techniques and religious beliefs. 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Now, while this may be true, the text also says: â€Å"They searched for the pots and found them still safe in the tree.† So, while the ethics were unsound, in this particular case no damage was done. However, just because in this instance the artifacts retained their quality, it cannot be said that every situationRead MoreImportance Of Chemical Analysis Of Anthropology Is Not A Word That Crosses People s Minds1103 Words   |  5 Pagesanthropology – that is, the study of human past and all that entails – and its subfield, archaeology is, often think of both as one-dimensional fields, when in reality, they are so much more. Anthropology is a multi-disciplinary field of study combining various sciences, social and otherwise, to work together to paint a complete picture of humankind, one of the most complex species to ever walk on the planet, while archaeology is the study of human past through material remains. It is, thereforeRead MoreEssay On Traditional Construction Of History1000 Words   |  4 PagesConstruction of History Does history over centuries truly define the past as its origin? Dr. Francis Pryor re-examines the origin of Britain in one of his series about Britain AD, â€Å"Britain AD – The Not So Dark Age.† His reinvestigation finds out a handful of evidences that disprove the written history regarding how Britain’s culture was formed. Pryor effectively explores the flaw in history through the idea of invasion, cultural artifacts, and the creation of identity. In the narrative, the idea of Anglo-SaxonRead MoreFenix Del Sur Case Analysis1318 Words   |  6 Pagesauthentic artifacts to collectors. After some of their clients insisted on an expanded product line, Fe’nix del Sur started producing replicas of their authentic artifacts. The replicas, in return, have broadened the company’s market to include gift buyers and individuals looking for decorative items. III. Organizational Analysis: Fe’nix del Sur is a reputable importer of authentic Southwestern jewelry and pottery for collectors. They originally sourced Hopi and Navajo artifacts, but in recentRead MoreEssay on Assignment Preparation693 Words   |  3 PagesEngineering. Think  of a software application (for example, a time tracking application) that you would like to put in for your past or present organization, or an organization that you have read about. Use  the table below to describe as clearly as you can, the specific artifacts in each phase, and an example of how the artifact would look like.    Phases Artifacts Inception Name of Artifact: Business case plans Content: Will explain the project the main idea. It will be who, what when where and why of the

History of Buddhism Free Essays

Dr. Klein describes the history of Buddhism, important figures in the movement and stories of the beginning of Buddhism. She discusses the nature of death in Buddhism, in several contexts. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Buddhism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Death is an incentive because once one realizes one’s human life will inevitably end, life becomes even more important. Motivation to make good use of one’s life exists because even though rebirth is guaranteed, the quality of that rebirth is not. The Buddhist focus on spiritual develpment will help one recognize the inevitability of death as well as face it without fear. The goal of a Buddhist to escape cyclic existence(enter heaven and avoid hell), is the first of element of religious practice in Indo-Tibetan tradition. The idea of rebirth leads to the next element which is compassion. With the idea of rebirth, comes a concern for others. The third essential religious practice is wisdom. In Buddhism, the process of dying consists of eight distinct visions that correspond with the consciousness leaving the specific parts of the body. Klein notes that a skilled mediator can simulate this experience at will giving them in control of the experience. This article is well organized and is based on a variety of different sources. It is very detailed and covers a wide scope of material related to Buddhism. Klein seems very informed on the topic but does not offer opinions or personal input. Buddhism fosters a view of personal responsibility instead of fatalism. This is a responsible concept for human beings to live by. Contemplating death to eliminate the fear is a concrete and real way to handle death. Also, not being overly dramatic when consoling the dying (as though not to cause feelings of regret) is a great idea. I think that is an interesting concept that can help the dying and the people consoling them deal with the experience in a more rational way. How to cite History of Buddhism, Papers

World History Centered on Europe

Questions: 1. Did this Eurocentric attitude and behavior have a lasting impact on the world as a whole? 2. In what ways did the close-minded and arrogant beliefs of these explorers impact the world and are these effects still evident today? 3. Did this behavior set up a system of racism and bigotry that is still felt in modern times? Answers: 1. Euro centrism refers to the practice of putting emphasis on European concern, values and cultures. The period 1400-1800 was the period for discovery and exploration. It was during this period that Europe tried to have a dominating influence over the whole world. They sailed around the world in huge sturdy ships to discover new lands. The Euro centric attitude had an impact upon the whole world. Regions around the globe bear names after European explorers and are in direction of Eurocentric view of the world. History of technology, science and mathematics is Eurocentric as they hardly refer to contributions from regions like India nad China. 2. European explorers had a positive effect upon the people of the rest of the world. The Europeans allowed them to change their ways of living, mostly for better. The European explorers spread Christianity. They influenced their fashion, beliefs, principles as well as religion. Europeans tried to make the world acquainted with technological advance. In present times also Europe has a great influence. Europe has successfully exerted its power throughout the world. Europe has succeeded in spreading its power all over the world because it has adapted itself to the modern world. They constructed ports and empires in Africa, Asia, North America and several other regions. One of their prime motives was to spread Christianity amongst the ones they have invaded. The Europeans had several other influences upon the people they invaded. They managed to change their religion, beliefs and principles. (Wallerstein) Thus we can say that Africans, Americans, Asians have been greatly influenced by t he Europeans. (Thornton) The European market is one of the most interconnected market in the world. Today Europe doesnot just make rules and regulations inside Europe but even outside Europe. Europe may be referred to as economic powerhouse. Europeans have greatly influenced the modern world with their achievements. It plays its power effectively. These are the ways in which Europeans had an impact on the world in early as well as present times. 3. Racism is the intolerance of a particular class of people bearing certain biological make up towards another bearing different biological make up which in turn leads to the domination of one class of people. Racism is based on differences that are unalterable and hereditary. Bigotry means bearing unfair intolerance towards a particular class of people. The evolution of racism may be traced to the times of European exploration. (Lander) As there increased encounter between more and more people the concepts of race began to develop. People were subjected to differential treatment depending upon the race to which they belonged. The more the Europeans came in contact with Asians and Africans the concepts of racism started gaining force. Slavery is one of the examples of racism practiced by the Europeans. The present century has seen a lot of changes as far as racism is concerned. Legislations have been enacted to prevent racism. Inspite of everything the ancient barriers between races still exist though they are invisible. (Ucelli and O'Neil) References Lander, Edgardo. 'Eurocentrism, Modern Knowledges, And The Natural  Order Of Global Capital'. Print. Thornton, John. Africa And Africans In The Making Of The Atlantic World, 1400-1800. 2nd ed. 1999. Print. Ucelli, Juliet, and Dennis O'Neil. 'Challenging Eurocentrism'. (2015): n. pag. Print. Wallerstein, Immanuel. 'Eurocentrism And Its Avatars- The Dilemmas Of Social Science'. Web. 15 May 2015.

The Conscious and Unconscious Analysis on the Life of Dr. Henry Jekyll and Mr. Edward Hyde Essay Example

The Conscious and Unconscious: Analysis on the Life of Dr. Henry Jekyll and Mr. Edward Hyde Essay The Conscious and Unconscious: Analysis on the Life of Dr. Henry Jekyll and Mr. Edward Hyde By Bernadine SyTiong March 16 2010 â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde† by Robert Louis Stevenson originated from a dream that the author once had and he described it as â€Å"a fine bogy tale† when he awoke from it. Stevenson was first inspired from the city’s low life and the bizarre characters that he came across with and that his Calvinistic upbringing and his constant fight against ill-health led him to be engrossed with death and the darker side of human nature serving as his inspiration in many of his works making him as a novelist often noted by his powers of invention and depth of psychological insight found in his work. This novel which focuses on the split personality and the belief that evil is potentially more powerful than good has been a popular topic even up until now. Humans may often be ignorant about the fact that at times they do hear a voice inside that tells them the desires of a personality exactly the opposite of the current one. The â€Å"Theory of Psychoanalysis† according to Sigmund Freud is that the whole psychoanalytic theory is in fact built up on the perception of the resistance exerted by the patient when we try to make him conscious of his unconscious. We will write a custom essay sample on The Conscious and Unconscious: Analysis on the Life of Dr. Henry Jekyll and Mr. Edward Hyde specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Conscious and Unconscious: Analysis on the Life of Dr. Henry Jekyll and Mr. Edward Hyde specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Conscious and Unconscious: Analysis on the Life of Dr. Henry Jekyll and Mr. Edward Hyde specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Once a person lets his unconscious free even for only a matter of time, it will always desire to get out from its cell once he is closed in again and the conscious will be disturbed and often times give in to the temptation of letting the other be control of him again. A successful doctor born to a large fortune and well respected by his fellow men, a life seems like to be perfect yet still yearning for something. This is exactly how Dr. Henry Jekyll feels after years of failure in inventing a sort of potion. His years of wanting to complete it only made him more anxious of desiring to have its final result and maybe finally ease his longing of something he has yet to discover. Dr. Jekyll is the best example of man in its most secret manner for man hides his true feelings which he knows can affect people’s view of him. Here we can see Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis. The unconscious is manifested to us as something that holds itself in suspense in the area of the unborn. When Dr. Jekyll had finally completed the potion and tested it on himself, an alter ego of himself came out yet this alter ego looked nothing like him for if Jekyll was a little man with a big handsome face, Edward Hyde, Jekyll’s alter ego was described as: â€Å"Pale and dwarfish; he gave an impression of deformity without any namable malformation, he had a displeasing smile, he had borne himself to the lawyer with a sort of murderous mixture of timidity and boldness, and he spoke with a husky whispering and somewhat broken voice†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Everyone that met him had an impression of unknown disgust, loathing and fear towards him, very unlikely when compared to Dr. Jekyll. In this case we see that there is a split of personality and by their appearances we can already see who the bad is and the good. Though this seems surreal and impossible, it implements a person’s â€Å"splitting of the mind† and â€Å"splitting of the consciousness† which belongs to Freudâ⠂¬â„¢s â€Å"Several prominent 19th century about unconscious process†. Whenever Edward Hyde is in control of the body, he has a hunger for evil like he breathes it, on the other hand when Henry Jekyll gets back to his body he seems to not remember what Hyde has done like he was asleep all the time that Hyde was in control. The first of Freud’s ideas is that, â€Å"mental activity separates into parallel streams, only one of which can be conscious at any moment. † In other words, he described this as the splitting of the mind. Here he described that a man as such performs activities mechanically and with only half their mind on them. There really are times that people do things unconsciously even just for a second because there are times that we are somewhat under hypnosis from ourselves like times when we unconsciously stare at nothing while our hands are doing something that we do not already know. In the like, Dr. Jekyll is the person and Mr. Hyde is the hands. In this light, we can also relate the splitting of personality which Freud describes as the parallel mental activity. He observed that when we speak, we are at the conscious state but when the unconscious one interferes, the conscious is attached to one of the two states meaning that he can be on his side or the side of his unconscious. The last chapter of the novel is entitled â€Å"Henry Jekyll’s Full Statement of the Case† where in Jekyll finally admits all the bizarre things that are happening with him and the mysterious Edward Hyde. Jekyll admits that as time passes with drinking the potion, there were cases that he turns into Hyde without even drinking the potion. He was afraid to go to sleep because every time he woke up, Hyde would possess the body although this time the mind was split into two: Jekyll’s and Hyde’s. In these characters which possess only one body, we can see the struggle for freedom. Jekyll was an old and weak man, life seemed to have gone out from him as age overpowered him and maybe that is why he wanted to find an alternative for his misery. Freedom is what each person desires, to be able to do anything you want without abiding to any rules is somehow man’s longing for each day. Most people may be content of their life but they cannot hide the fact that at times things unusual to them would come in mind and that they start to wonder what it would feel like if they had done them. Freedom is the â€Å"absolutization of the absolute itself†. Wherefore to be absolute is to be detached from everything: relations and every presence, including itself. Aristotle may refer happiness as â€Å"The Chief† or â€Å"Ultimate Good† wherein it is the desire that is above all else, but what is the cause of happiness is it not ultimate freedom? Yet freedom is not always in terms of good because if people desire it, then they will do anything to have it. In Jean-Luc Nancy’s â€Å"The Experience of Freedom†, he states that: â€Å"Freedom spontaneously admits, of itself, a maxim of wickedness. Evil is the extreme freedom against the Absolute within the whole of beings, for freedom is the capacity for good and evil. The good â€Å"is† the evil and the evil â€Å"is† the good. † The desire of freedom makes people do things that are not of the ordinary but evil does not fully reveal without really having the consent of the good, meaning that the good wants to let evil out also because it knows that freedom will always require a bit of evil. Henry Jekyll admitted that he had committed to a profound duplicity of life. Henry Jekyll was in a state of emotional distress and he needed to find a resolution to it, thus he found Edward Hyde which did make him feel better at first but otherwise later. He knew that there was the evil side of him the unconscious that lets him does anything freely. Henry Jekyll wants to become Edward Hyde, not just because Edward Hyde is the dominant one. Jekyll knew, even before his scientific discovery there was another part of him that desired for another only he experienced them in daydreams and as time passed, he had a longing to bring this feeling to life. Freud declares that desire is indestructible for it merely conveys what it maintains of an image of the past towards an ever short and limited future. But what Jekyll is yet to realize are the consequences of his decisions for once evil is let loose it will savor the freedom it has attained and when it is yet again chained, it will roar for its freedom. Freud, according to his ideas about unconscious processes coined this as the â€Å"splitting of consciousness†, which is the second idea wherein he states that a sudden switching can occur from one parallel stream to another. Evil forms a sort of shadow kingdom in one’s mind until they become like bad spirits that take control of the body. Jekyll knew that all human beings are commingled out of good and evil, but one has a choice to resist by he chose to live in two identities until he could not control the evil side of him. One can only liberate himself from good or evil through the freedom in action by the limit of thought. Human beings are born with a will and it has the power to resist anything it wants. No one can say that he is being controlled; he does something because he wants to. Jekyll welcomed Hyde when he first appeared because it was in Hyde that he saw a livelier image of the spirit in him and because of the new profound power that he possessed, Jekyll became a slave to Hyde. In a sense that when we let temptations get to us it will always come back for more. We give into temptations and it will always come back because it knows our weakness and it attacks it so that we can fall into its pit, this is what we call evil. Henry Jekyll had gone for quite some time without letting Hyde appear, he mingled with friends and everyone saw how much livelier he had become but this was not to last because Hyde would not allow it that he be chained forever. Jekyll stated: â€Å"I was still cursed with my duality of purpose; and as the first edge of my penitence wore off, the lower side of me, so long indulged, so recently chained down, began to growl for license. † Jekyll had fun being Hyde but it was when Hyde commanded for full charge that his problems arose. Edward Hyde was the pure evil of Henry Jekyll and he was wanted because of murder. Jekyll never predicted that it would come to this point that he would have a hard time becoming himself because Hyde was beginning to appear even when Jekyll did not drink the potion. Jekyll always took comfort that if anything was to go wrong in the form of Edward Hyde, he would always get away with it since he could just drink the potion and transform back into himself yet he did not know that this was not to last. Edward Hyde had have liberty too long enough that he was growing stronger in his form while Henry Jekyll grew weaker. There was no more balance between them and Jekyll feared that Hyde would not stop until he had full control and finally put Jekyll to sleep. Jekyll was suffering from all of Hyde’s action because he has everything to lose while Hyde would not even be affected. Freud stated in his fourth idea that conscious activity is influenced by the unconscious. Jekyll was starting to share the pleasures of Hyde, he’s becoming greedy and this was He was not scared of being condemned by people but rather he was scared of being Edward Hyde. He referred Hyde as a child of hell that had nothing human; nothing lived in him but fear and hatred. But Jekyll saw something that he had never seen in his own perspective, Hyde loved life wonderfully and had it not been for his fear of death, he would have long ago ruined himself taking Jekyll with him. Jekyll saw how Hyde was so passionate at life that at times when he was decided to end his life, his pity for Hyde would always be his weakness. Hyde embraced life in a way that Jekyll never did and that is why maybe he would have thought that maybe being Hyde would finally set him free because after all, what he had long been searching is meaning to life and freedom. Though Edward Hyde’s meaning in life may be wholly cruel, Jekyll always wondered why had he never embraced life like his alter ego? What was in Hyde that made him act do freely in his nature and ignores the people and the judgment around him? Jekyll longed to find that passion in his own identity but it was too late because Hyde was beginning to take over and trapping him inside. For if the existent can decide on ruin and on its own ruin, and if this possibility is inscribed in the very being of existence, such a decision is no less what also ruins the decision in its existential essence. â€Å"There is an authentic freedom, which decides freedom for existence and for the singular relation that is, and which decides it from the heart of an infinite non-innocence where the in-finity of being, which does not have its own essence, can always unleash itself, and in a sense has always ready been unleashed, as fury. † Henry Jekyll decided to end his life. Though he felt pity for Edward Hyde, he himself could not endure the pain any longer and if Hyde was too fully take over, he would have also been thrown to the gallows for his crime. Jekyll could not find any more the salt that completed his potion, making it impure meaning that any mixture he made could not anymore bring back Henry Jekyll completely. It was not only physical pain that he felt but his soul was also tearing apart. He, at first, liked being Edward Hyde but then realized that he loved being Henry Jekyll yet all was too late. He confessed everything in writing before he had finally ended a life that had two identities and he knew that ending his life will be more painful to Hyde than him because life was his passion but he had no choice, his only view of salvation for him and Hyde was death. Stevenson’s novel may seem like a scientific fantasy that can never happen in real life but what he is trying to portray is that in human beings, there is always the conscious and the unconscious, the good and evil side of man. Because of frailties, disabilities and failures we tend to sink into an emotional distress that lets a foreign part of our mind be revealed. No matter how good a person may be, only one knows in himself the secret desires to be truly free, to act without abiding to anything or anyone. Stevenson dreamt about this novel and put it to writing in the sense that Freud has a theory of the relationship between conscious and unconscious activity in dreams which he saw as â€Å"the royal road to a knowledge of the unconscious activities of the mind†. We can see here that the life of Henry Jekyll can be a portrayal of the author’s life in a minor sense. Stevenson was ill-health and had a weak disposition and because of this he could not really achieve what his father wanted him to be which drives him to think to the darker side of life. Freud claimed that memories of distressing events are too painful to be admitted to consciousness and are subjected to a process of censorship and disguise by the mechanisms of â€Å"dream work†, which included the representation of familiar things or people in symbolic form. Henry Jekyll was right when he said that all human beings, as we meet them, are commingled with good and evil. Every person has their good and bad side in them which the latter he hides in fear that people will judge him. Society dictates people’s lives, even if we do not admit it. People always care for what the public thinks of them for no one wants to be ruined in the sight of everyone because sometimes one wrong can forever be marked in one’s life. But at some point, through desire and curiosity, humans do show a side of them which is very unlikely for they want to know the taste of freedom. For freedom spontaneously admits, of itself, a maxim of wickedness and evil is as freedom, the most extreme freedom against the Absolute within the whole of beings. Who would not want a life that is free with no one to dictate what is right and wrong? Yet when it gets too far, it no longer is freedom but is transformed to chains for being too absorbed into it brings its consequences. In the sense of Edward Hyde taking over Henry Jekyll’s body, human beings somewhat go crazy in the thought that there is no more answer than death. One can say that the master is no more spared by death than is his slave, that he will always die in the end, and that this is the limit of his freedom. The revelation of the essence of the master is manifested at the moment of terror, when it is to him that one says freedom or death, and the he has obviously only death to choose in order to have freedom. Henry Jekyll ended his life in order for him to have freedom, not Edward Hyde. He did pity Hyde for he was such a passionate person about life but Jekyll wanted to be free also but with Hyde forever attached to him, his life was no different that being in hell. We want a happy life, one that shouts freedom but it does not mean that to be evil is the only way to be free. Humans have a choice and sometimes we take the wrong path but this serves as a lesson and we should learn to decide the better of ourselves before everything is too late. Evil can never result to ultimate happiness, it may bring contentment to our desires for a while but when it seeks payment, we suffer the consequences taking the happy and free life we thought to be real and lasting. There is always a warning whenever we are to be swallowed by evil and temptations will always arise in its most powerful sense but all this will serve as a trial to see if we can resist the evil and take over with the goodness in us, but some are tricked into believing that giving in will fulfill all their desires but is destroyed at the end. There is a free decision that frees freedom for itself, for its finitude, for its haring, for equality, for community, for fraternity, and for their justice- singularly, singularly shared/divided, singularly withdrawn from the hatred of existence. God never made man so that He can force him to do things, but He made man with a free will having the ability to freely choose his own decisions and ways. Evil may always be tempting but we can fight it, we just have to be believe and stand strong on our faith that we can overcome it. The evil and good of man are relative to each other it’s always in our choice to choose what side. The unconscious is a part of life in which the conscious can never take away but what it can do is not only balance it but decide on what can be the betterment in life. Bibliography: Stevenson, Robert Louis. (1994). The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. London, England: Penguin Group. Nancy, Jean-Luc. (1993). The Experience of Freedom. Stanford, USA: Stanford University Press Miller, Jacques-Alain. (1977). The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis: The Seminar of Jacques Lacan (Book XI). New York, NY: W. W. Norton Company, Inc. Edwards, David, Jacobs, Michael. (2003). Conscious and Unconsciousness. Berkshire, England: Open University Press. Freud, Sigmund. (1950). The Wisdom of Freud. New York, NY: Philosophical Library.

100 of the Most Common Kanji Characters

100 of the Most Common Kanji Characters With three different ways of writing, the Japanese language may seem intimidating to new students. Its true that memorizing the most common kanji symbols and other scripts takes time and practice. But once youve mastered them, youll discover a means of written communication unlike anything youll see in the English language. There are three writing systems in Japanese, two phonetic and one symbolic, and all three are used in tandem. Kanji Symbols Kanji is symbolic, or logographic. It is the most common means of written communication in the Japanese language, with more than 50,000 different symbols by some estimates. However, most Japanese can get by with using about 2,000 different kanji in everyday communication. A single kanji character can have multiple meanings, depending on how it is pronounced and the context in which it is used. Hiragana and Katakana Hiragana and katakana  are both phonetic (or syllabic). There are 46 basic characters in each. Hiragana is used primarily to spell words that have  Japanese roots or grammatical elements. Katakana is used to spell foreign and technical words (computer is one example), or used for emphasis. Romanji Western characters and words, sometimes called romanji,  are also common in modern Japanese. Typically, these are reserved for words derived from Western languages, especially English. The word T-shirt in Japanese, for example, consists of a T and several katakana characters. Japanese advertising and media frequently use English words for stylistic emphasis.   For everyday purposes, most writing contains kanji characters because its the most efficient, expressive means of communication. Complete sentences written only in hiragana and katakana would be extremely long and resemble a jumble of letters, not a full thought. But used in conjunction with kanji, the Japanese language becomes full of nuance. Kanji has its historical roots in Chinese writing. The word itself means Chinese (or Han) characters. Early forms were first used in Japan as early as A.D. 800 and evolved slowly into the modern era, along with hiragana and katakana. Following Japans defeat in World War II, the government adopted a series of rules designed to simplify the most common kanji characters to make them easier to learn. Elementary school students have to learn about 1,000 characters. That number doubles by high school. Beginning in the late 1900s, Japanese education officials have added more and more kanji to the curriculum. Because the language has such deep historical roots, literally thousands more kanji have evolved over time and are still in use. Common Kanji Characters Here are 100 of the most frequently used kanji in Japanese newspapers. Newspapers give a great representation of the best and most useful kanji to learn because you are more likely to come across these characters in day-to-day use.   æâ€" ¥ sun ä ¸â‚¬ one Ã¥ ¤ § big Ã¥ ¹ ´ year ä ¸ ­ middle ä ¼Å¡ to meet ä º º human being, people æÅ" ¬ book æÅ"ˆ moon, month é• · long å› ½ country å‡ º to go out ä ¸Å  up, top Ã¥   10 生 life Ã¥ ­  child 分 minute æ  ± east ä ¸â€° three è ¡Å' to go Ã¥ Å' same ä »Å  now é «Ëœ high, expensive 金 money, gold 時 time 手 hand è ¦â€¹ to see, to look Ã¥ ¸â€š city 力 power ç ± ³ rice è‡ ª oneself å‰  before 円 yen (Japanese currency) Ã¥ Ë† to combine ç «â€¹ to stand 内 inside ä ºÅ' two ä ºâ€¹ affair, matter ç ¤ ¾ company, society 者 person Ã¥Å" ° ground, place ä º ¬ capital éâ€"“ interval, between ç” ° rice field ä ½â€œ body Ã¥ ­ ¦ to study ä ¸â€¹ down, under ç› ® eye ä ºâ€ five Ã¥ ¾Å' after æâ€" ° new 明 bright, clear æâ€" ¹ direction éÆ' ¨ section .Ã¥ ¥ ³ woman å… « eight Ã¥ ¿Æ' heart å›› four æ °â€˜ people, nation Ã¥ ¯ ¾ opposite ä ¸ » main, master æ ­ £ right, correct ä » £ to substitute, generation è ¨â‚¬ to say ä ¹  nine Ã¥ °  small æ€  to think ä ¸Æ' seven Ã¥ ± ± mountain Ã¥ ®Å¸ real å… ¥ to enter 回 to turn around, time Ã¥   ´ place 野 field éâ€"‹ to open ä ¸â€¡ 10,000 å… ¨ whole Ã¥ ®Å¡ to fix Ã¥ ® ¶ house Ã¥Å'â€" north å… ­ six å•  question è © ± to speak æâ€"‡ letter, writings å‹• to move Ã¥ º ¦ degree, time çÅ"Å' prefecture æ ° ´ water Ã¥ ®â€° inexpensive, peaceful æ °  courtesy name (Mr., Mrs.) å’Å' harmonious, peace æ” ¿ government, politics ä ¿  to maintain, to keep è ¡ ¨ to express, surface é â€œ way ç› ¸ phase, mutual æ„  mind, meaning ç™ º to start, to emit ä ¸  not, un-, in- å…š political party

Egan's integrative approach to counselling Essay

Egan's integrative approach to counselling - Essay Example 1. Where am I now? (Identifying and clarifying problem situations and unused opportunities) 2. Where do I want to be? (Developing a preferred scenario) 3. How do I get there? (Formulating strategies and plans)† (The Egan model, Prospects Graduate, 2007). At a next level, the analysis of each phase is depended on the particular characteristics of the problem under examination and the circumstances in which this model will be applied. Generally, it has been supported that â€Å"phase 1 will almost certainly involve self awareness and some opportunity awareness, while phase 2 requires the relation between these to be established and some aspects of decision learning may be required in both stages 2 and 3, while phase 3 is mainly related to transition learning† (The Egan model, Prospects Graduate, 2007). In counselling the use of Egan’s model (as developed above) can be extensive, it depends though on the needs of each particular case and the environment (social, poli tical or other) in which this model will be applied. In the organizational environment, the application of Egan’s model has to be based on specific criteria and terms. In this context, it has been supported by Smith et al. (2002, 197) that â€Å"organizations currently operate with a facade of rationality, ignoring emotional reality while the leverage for such change lies in working at team/group level meetings, changing the quality of interactions to enhance authenticity and create emotional openness† (Smith et al., 2002, 197).

Ethical, Professional and Cultural Issues of ICT Essay

Ethical, Professional and Cultural Issues of ICT - Essay Example 2011). When coming to entertainment, it is a large part of our daily lives. People spend some time every day for the sake of entertainment. Ethics in entertainment is more based on the mediums popularity rather than the creators need to be ethical in nature. The entertainment media is constantly under the attack by the so called guardian angels of ethical standards for portraying unethical values through the media. This attack is on films, music as well as video games industry. It is an acceptable fact that what is more corrupt is easier to get accepted. Keeping this in mind, the movie industry has moved one step forward by creating the MPAA system in which questionable stuff would be rated higher so that adult people can warn their children well in advance. Now newer industries are forced to come under the scrutiny of maintaining ethical standards. The video game industry which comes under the category of interactive entertainment industry is facing stiff challenges from gurus of et hical standards. Now the video games industry is facing challenges in ethical standards maintenance, it has been constantly accused of ruining the moral standards of children in particular. However there is a good reason behind these allegations. Since the industry is relatively new, it has resorted to some lower least common denominators to sell its games. It has used scantily clad and physically impossible women and men. Moreover questionable as well as violent subject matters are also used by the industry. The industry pundits who defend these moves are relying on the fact that other types of Medias have also used such stands before. They feel that this has to be seen as a sign of times and growing popularity. However in general sense, such actions should be viewed as a loss of production ethics or part of the inevitable routine that takes on the industry every time (Ethics and Entertainment Introduction. 2000). The banning of the video game manhunt in 2007 by the BBFC in 2007 wa s an eye opener for the gaming industry which was starting to act careless with regard to ethics in the media. Most of the technicians , artists and story tellers in the gaming industry are tuning to some blood spilling and sexist unusual themes in their products on the belief that its just fun. They also have an intentional idea behind this move that only such things sell quickly. Degradation of values has swept towards different segments in the industry. Its effect has started showing to the gaming industry as well. Primarily gaming industry is concentrated on children below eighteen years. Children are the main users of its products other than any other group. To show explicit and debatable as well as questionable content in the form of games to children on the false imagination that it is only fun is a serious crime that is done towards the society. The video game manhunt 2 was banned by the British authorities because of its relentless imagery of savage killing and slaying. Man hunt video game was very popular among children because of its violence. It even prompted in a killing of a fourteen year old boy. Banning the video game was a bold step taken by the authorities for the first time in a decade. Manhunt 2 shows sustained as well as cumulative sadism which are labeled casual in the way the killings are committed in the game. Such types of entertainment are not at all acceptable because it is targeted towards children (Censors ban